Thursday, December 26, 2019

Essay about Explaining The Twenties - 1256 Words

In 1920, for the first time, the United States census revealed that more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas. This fact speaks to a dramatic cultural shift that had taken place. The older ethnically homogenous white Anglo-Saxon Protestant (WASP) culture, characterized by their traditional religion and farm life fell into decline. Overtaking its influence was a new, secular, urban mass culture rooted among diverse ethnic groups. It was a culture that provided more opportunity for equal participation to women and minorities than did the older traditional culture. Like all periods of change, however, the Twenties were accompanied by a reaction against these changes, as the older culture tried to reassert itself as the dominant†¦show more content†¦To some historians, the Sacco and Vanzetti verdict represents one of the darkest moments for American democracy. Today, it is clear that Sacco and Vanzetti were arrested and convicted because of who they were- Non-Protestant , Non-Fundamentalists who believed in something different from the majority of the people. The battle between modernism and traditionalism is most apparent as a battle between the city and the country. In geographical terms, this was how the multi-cultural modernism and mono-cultural traditionalism were separated. Most non-Western European immigrants lived in large cities, and in the eyes of traditionalists, it was these immigrants who responsible for the problems of sin, alcoholism, and radicalism. These large cities were the center of liberal Protestantism while the small towns were the home of the â€Å"old-time religion.† No group symbolized the way in which these different strands of cultural reaction came together as much as the Ku Klux Klan. The KKK was prevalent in the Southwest and Midwest, where few African-Americans lived. While the Klan was profoundly racist, in the 1920’s, it was better known for its protests against Catholic and Jewish immigrants and the threat to traditional Protestant morality which Catholics and Jews represented. Aside from being racist, Anti-Catholic, and Anti-Semitic, the Klan alsoShow MoreRelatedLove And Death By William Shakespeare924 Words   |  4 Pagesconstant and strong. In line five it says not even a â€Å"remover† or in other words, a third party or if one cheats in the relationship it can still survive and it is true love because love is like an â€Å"ever fixed landmark.† (6) This is a metaphor explaining how love is concrete, rock solid that no matter what or who tries to destroy love, love will still remain because true love is that powerful and strong it can withstand anything. Line seven explains how love is like a star that guides every lostRead MoreSummer Assighnment975 Words   |  4 Pagesagain being anti peer pressure Chapter Three: Quotes I had nothing to do all that day but serve. – page 17 Explaining the dreads of obligations in life. He don’t have to go, Miss Emma said for about the hundredth time. – page 17 Yet emma agin is being anti peer pressure. I was too educated for Henri Pichot. – page 21 Explaining that they feel that they are above henri pichot even though they may not be Somebody got to do something for me one timeRead MoreThe Copy-Rights Law : The Laws Of Copy Rights Laws828 Words   |  4 Pagesfirst that around fifteen years ago it was President Bill Clinton that signed a copyright extension law. The article explains that when America was first founded that copyright protection was only good for approximately twenty eight years. From there the author begins explaining to the reader how copyright laws have advanced since that time. They talk about how in the mid-twentieth century Congress decided to double that period and make it fifty six years of protection instead. It goes on furtherRead MoreSummary Of The Pig Farmer Killer Essay1404 Words   |  6 Pagespossibility of parole for 25 years. This is the longest sentence available under the Canadian Law for murder. He was convicted in 2007 with the charges of second-degree murder for six different women. Additionally, Pickton was charged with the murder of twenty different women. These char ges were stayed by the Crown in the year of 2010. During his trial, Pickton confessed to forty-nine different murders to a police officer posing as a cellmate of Pickton’s. During this confession, he also stated that heRead MoreA Very Brief Look at the New Testament1003 Words   |  4 PagesThe New Testament is an anthology of twenty-seven ancient writings that describe the life of Jesus Christ and the beginning of the Christian Church. 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I feel the ocean was described more vividly in the excerpt from the literature text ‘Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea’. I believe the ocean is described more vividly in the excerpt from the story Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea becauseRead MoreWe Should Not Be Afraid Of Change Essay756 Words   |  4 Pagescertain medical issues or being able to make ourselves look better just so we feel more confident. However there is some controversy, whether or not we should partake in this new biological type of technology. Bailey makes an effective argument by explaining both points of views, using pathos to connect to the audience and ethos to reassure people that improving humans for the better is not such a bad thing. First Bailey uses some of Fukuyama’s claims in his article to explain from both points of viewsRead MoreEssay on Imagery Used in Keats Poems544 Words   |  3 Pagesto a Grecian Urn is a poem in which Keats makes imagery explain the physical aspects of an urn as well as the message behind its appearance. When explaining the physical attributes of the urn Keats describes its beauty by comparing the urn to places such asâ€Å"†¦Temp† and â€Å"†¦the dales of Arcady† in line seven. Imagery such as lines nineteen and twenty state â€Å"She cannot fade, through thou hast not thy bliss, / For ever wilt though love, and she be fair†. These lines colorfully relay the message that

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Macbeth, By William Shakespeare Essay - 2179 Words

One of the main focal points of William Shakespeare’s epochal play, Macbeth, centers around the power and manipulation of the main character along with the greed that accompanies it. Macbeth is centralized about vigor overriding inhibitions and the conscious awareness of its characters. The power of the female character in Macbeth is feasibly one of the most intriguing aspects of the entire play. Lady Macbeth acts as the play’s catalyst that aids in Macbeth’s treacherous acts. Through the nefarious actions of Lady Macbeth, she dexterously cajoles her husband into committing unspeakable actions and hence showcases the power of the female character in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth. Lady Macbeth plays the role as a puppeteer by efficiently manipulating Macbeth in order to make him conform to her wishes. Although Macbeth is customarily the character to have the final say in the overabundance of unnecessary killings that take place, Lady Macbeth plays the role of Robin in the Batman-and-Robin-like scenario that unfolds before the reader s eyes. Acting as Batman, Macbeth makes all of the final decisions regarding the killing of King Duncan. However, the conniving and Machiavellian Robin, who, in this case, is Lady Macbeth, has the power to influence Batman’s every move. Lady Macbeth drives her husband to commit calamitous acts of violence that the normally level-headed Macbeth wouldn’t even consider. She acts as a hellion during the first few acts of the play by invariablyShow MoreRelatedMacbeth by William Shakespeare770 Words   |  3 PagesThe play Macbeth is written by William Shakespeare. It is believed to be written between 1603 and 1607 and set in eleventh century Scotland. It is also believed to be first performed in 1606. 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There is no better example than William Shakespeare’s character, Macbeth, in The TragedyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1409 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair: Hover through the fog and filthy air.† On October 17th, I had the pleasure of going to see Macbeth performed at the Shakespeare Tavern. Along with its reputation for being â€Å"cursed,† Macbeth is also known as one of the crown jewels of William Shakespeare’s repertoire. In my opinion, the central concept of this particular retelling of the play was the murkiness of character. Throughout the pla y, the many characters go through fierce temptation and strife, and noneRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1203 Words   |  5 PagesMacbeth is a play based on King James I, it was written by William Shakespeare, however this play isn’t a king and queen fairy tale, but it’s a play about greed and guilt, chaos and murder and three evil witches who use prophecies to influence Macbeth to do bad things, using flattery would instigate his inner ambition to become king, which in the end doesn’t lead to a very happy ending. Shakespeare’s, Macbeth, was written in the early Jacobean period. During those times, women had no power, theyRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1243 Words   |  5 PagesIn William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Macbeth†, the author portrays the main character Macbeth as a very tortured and flawed individual whose actions only serve to further unravel him. He is conflicted and power hungry, which drives him to perform evil murders and become a ruthless person. Macbeth’s moral compass is not resilient enough to withstand his wife’s manipulations and he is provoked to act on his malicious thoughts of murder. The author explores the terrible effects that ambition and guilt can haveRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare Essay1487 Words   |  6 Pagesreaction†. Macbeth by William Shakespeare is a tale which illuminates the consequences of violating the â€Å"Natural order†, the hierarchy of beings in the universe. When Macbeth, a warrior wel l-known for his courage and bravery, murders King Duncan acting on his unchecked ambition to claim the throne, the order was disrupted, the result†¦chaos. Shakespeare uses symbolism to illustrate the atmosphere of the play as the natural order is flung into a state of turmoil. These techniques used by Shakespeare is usedRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1483 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent references in the play of how a king deals with power and if they use it for better or for their own personal gain. In the play Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, Macbeth’s obsession with his journey to power leads to his failure. This obsession is demonstrated through the prophecies, the murder of his best friend Banquo, and his own demise. Macbeth demonstrates that he is incapable of mastering the power and responsibilities of being a king. This is indicated throughout the play with theRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1045 Words   |  5 PagesBlood appears in only two forms, but many times in Macbeth by William Shakespeare; between the war scene at the beginning of the play and the lifting of Macbeth’s severed being lifted by Macduff at the end. It can be said that Macbeth could have been written in blood that there is such a large amount. What is unique about blood in Macbeth is that the â€Å"imaginary blood† or the guilt that the murderer feels plays more of a role of understand and amplifying the theme of the play, that blood is guiltRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1431 Words   |  6 Pages Macbeth, though originally a valiant and prudent soldier, deteriorates into an unwise king whose rash decisions conclusively end in the atrophy of his title, power, and position. Several facto rs contribute to the downfall of Macbeth, which produce a contagion effect and ultimately end with his demise. He receives help from his â€Å"inner ambitions and external urgings† which result in his downfall (Bernad 49). The â€Å"external urgings† consist of the weird sisters who disclose his prophecies, which enlightenRead MoreMacbeth, By William Shakespeare1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe oxford dictionary definition of guilt, 1, the fact of having committed a specified or implied offence or crime, 1.1, a feeling of having committed wrong or failed in obligation. In Macbeth written by William Shakespeare, Macbeth, the titular character and his wife Lady Macbeth kill the King in order to become King and Queen themselves, this came with consequences which are still relevant in society today. The guilt they felt and the relevance to sleeplessness are common topics almost four hundred

Monday, December 9, 2019

Organizational Structure of Management Merits - Demerits & Example

Questions: 1. Provide a detailed summary of your hospitals organizational structure. Include a tabulated description of the levels of professionals within the organization. Describe the duties of each major head within the organization. 2. Provide a detailed hypothetical mission and value statement for the hospital. Provide a rationale for the development of your particular mission and value statement. 3. Outline a detailed feasibility plan for the hiring of nurses, physicians, and allied professionals. Provide a rationale for the chosen plan, and explain the main reasons why the plan in question would be suitable for use with different health care professionals. 4. Justify the use of information technology to increase patient services. Provide a summative table of some pros and cons of using information technology in an era of networking and security breaches. 5. Use at least five (5) quality academic resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and other Websites do not quality as academic resources. Answers: Hospitals organizational structure 21st Century Solutions Health Care Hospital Service/ department Professional Responsibility Administration Service Hospital administration Vice president Departmental heads manage and examine the organisational operation Examine and evaluate budget and finance. Regulate hospital policies Establish public relations Information Services Documentation and proceed information Admission Billing and collection professional Medical records department Health education department Human Resource department Information technology department Checking patients vital information and details. Assign patient to actual Department Process bill of the service of the patient. Maintaining all the records of the patients. Evaluate and establish the arrangement for staff and patient health education. Recruiting and hiring staffs for the hospital. Duty bound towards the hospital networking and computer related issues. Therapeutic Services Provide the treatment for the patients by doctors and nurses. Physical treatment personnel Occupational treatment personnel Speech Pathology Respiratory treatment Medical psychology personnel Social service department Pharmacy personnel Nursing Staffs Treatment regarding the muscle and permanent disability which includes exercise, ultra sound, heat therapy, hydrotherapy etc. Help the patient to make the coordination with the organs and help to built up mental health. Help the patient with language disorder. Provide therapy to the patient suffering from heart and lungs related disease (Cummings, Hayduk Estabrooks, 2005). Apply talk therapy, counselling etc. They concentrate on mental health of the patient. Provide assistance in child welfare and family welfare. Provide medicine to the patient according to the directions of the physicians. Provide care to all the patients, help in delivery and other surgical process (Flood Scott, 1987). Provide proper chart to maintain the nutrition value of the patients according to their needs. Diagnostic Service Medical laboratory staffs Scanning staffs Emergency medicine providing staffs Examine different body tissues and fluid of the patient Scanning, MRI, radiology etc are area of action. Give the diagnoses and medicine in emergency situation. Support Services Central supply provider Biomedical technology staffs Housekeeping and hygiene staffs Supply and receiving all the required equipments. Clean and maintain the cloths and other products of the patients and hospital. Built the equipments and provide preventive biomedical equipments to the hospital Maintain hygienic and clean environment in the hospital. This department is very essential in a hospital as because the cleanliness is very essential thing in case of hospital organisation. Mission and value statement for 21st Century Solutions Health Care Hospital Mission statement: We belief in equality and try to promote proper heath care services in a highly qualified a professional manner. We believe in providing service on time with an exceptional skill and diligence. We provide physical and emotional care to our patients and their respective families. We provide a special service to the poor sections of the society by a group of specialist doctors and staffs (Flores, 2005). We want to promote proper environment for the patients as well as for the staffs of the hospital. We focus on the medical research and study to enhance our services. We promote Social responsibility to proper use our natural resources. The high commitments of our staffs are precious value to us which help us to promote and maintain high quality services to our patients. Vision statement: We are dedicated to provide our society by ongoing to offer the extremely finest service in hospital and subsidiary healthcare. Our objective is to boost up the society consciousness of our range of health care, our price efficiency and patient responsive ambiance to employ, uphold and hold up excellence doctors and employees in a modern skill (Georgopoulos, 1986). Value statement: To achieve the above mission and vision of us, we value: Excellent, qualified and dedicated health care professionals. We apply to the continuance quality improvement in the health care service. We value the patient safety and security. The sympathetic care is focused on the matter of physical, psychological, spiritual and social requirement of our patients. We respect people in our arena. We value efficient communication to our patients and their family. We value to use the resources appropriately. Rationale: The mission and vision statement provide the scenario that the hospital wants to maintain the entire required and desired goal in the society (Lees, 2012). The Main rationale behind setting the he statement is to provide quick and immediate services to the patient as well as provide good and appropriate treatment to the poor sections of the society (Keller, Hunter Shortt, 2004). This plan developed because it covers all the required criteria of a good hospital. The mission and vision statement are very important to motivate and staffs and provide confidence to the patients and their family. Plan for hiring doctor, nurses and other allied staffs Physician and other medical staff employment is a long lasting and comprehensive procedure which should be began at least 5 months proceeding to assignment.It is, consequently, significant for an authority, society or organization to make a outline of the existing and anticipated vacancy and give advertisement according to that Before start with the recruitment process for a recently formed doctor position or a substitute situation, get in touch with the accountable health agency to make sure that the place is accepted as part of the in general doctor supply plan.In accumulation to approvals, the liable health agency can supply precious and needed help to aid the staffing of a new physician, mainly if hiring a globally knowledgeable doctor necessitate temporary license on that situation. The doctors, nurse and other professional employment needs plan. It required certain preparation with are described below: Recognize a main contact and allocate tasks: The health agency will require recognizing main persons accountable for hiring efforts.That thing may trouble the members of the selection committee of the hospital. The hiring process board must include a Medical Director, or a senior physician.It is significant that prepared contacts be conscious of the possible time obligation and of the significance of running the associations with probable candidates in a appropriate and enlightening way. Set up Time outline: It is best to set up a deadline for the position to be filled and the culmination of the enlistment process. Once more, six months lead time is normally viewed as the base measure of time to oblige all enrolment steps, for example, publicizing, choice and meeting, authorizing and support prerequisites. Outline Terms and Conditions of the Position: Before starting enrolment process, focus precisely on the terms and stipulations of the position. This, as the majority of the enrolment procedure, is a two-way process. It incorporates the points of interest of the obligations and responsibility that the hospital expects and requires of the doctor position, and the particular terms and conditions that you can offer the new doctor. You may need to confirm compensation and exceptional remuneration courses of action with the conformity with the norms and regulation of the Ministry of Health Services before starting enrolment. The key is precise matters that can be discussed about with possibility to accomplish a common comprehension of desires and responsibilities to the candidate. Certain issues must be incorporated in the paper of terms and condition prior to the appointment or hiring procedure. The issues relating to charge for administration and yearly compensation, Locum or perpetual (dates and length of time), overhead expenses and obligations , working hours, desired working positions, tour and transfer related terms, accessibility of different premiums and other important fees, transportation fees etc. Creating position profile and requirement: The position profile must be created according to the desire and requirement of each and every post. The education, age, experience and other factors must be included to the part of plan. It will help to the human resource department to locate the actual and able person on that particular position. The erasable candidate can easily be found by the application of this plan. Rationale: The plan of hiring doctors, nurses and other allied personnel can be accomplished by the above mentioned points. The plan can be very successful because in the first stage time frame must be set and all the work must be done within that specific time. It will help to complete the work within a time. Secondly, the work and responsibility must be incorporated the plan. So the hiring authority can easily set the desired criteria of the person. They can set the eligibility criteria accordingly. Lastly, the framing of proper terms and condition is very essential in this occasion. The terms and condition of service must be legally and morally correct for the appointment. If the terms are not suitable for the condition of work in will create legal and moral issues relating to the employment (Aronowitz, 2012). This plan will work absolutely right way because all the things are pre-planned and time framed. So in this connection the main requirement is to maintain all the set items it the proper time. Merits and demerits of use of Information technology in the hospital Area Merits Demerits Patient data base It will help to keep all the data in exact and accurate manner. Provide appropriate data or information about the patient at the time of emergency (Chaudhry, 2006). Provide the personal information about the patient which will help the hospital to organize for effective treatment. It will increase the dependency of the hospital over the machine. In case of emergency, if the system does not perform properly or crashed, will destroy all the efforts or can be endangers for the human life. If crate laziness in the professional (Myers, 2012). Patient portal It stores all the medical history of the patient including blood groups and other chronic diseases. It will help the physician to get the data base and the patient and prior medical treatment history which will help to provide proper and appropriate medication (Myers, 2012). It will extremely helpful for children or old age patients who cannot express their problem properly (Srinivasan, 2008). The internet systems are always has the problem with hackers. If the system was hacked by anyone and the tampered the documents of the patients it will destroy the whole system even if take the patients life. Automatic system The system is generated automatically and updates all of the information of the patient. This thing helps the doctorial s and other health care personnel. The machine did the task. So, it is obvious that the system may crash at anytime. In this case informational technology system can be dangerous for the patients life. Legal issue The information technology laws are very strong to provide protection. So use of information technology in the system is quite convincing and safe. Law is statutory condition but the health care system is really a crucial system to be handled with. It deals with the human life. So, the system hacking and virus attacks can be dealt by the law but the patient life can be in danger for those situations. man power Though this issue is not directly attached with the IT use in hospital but indirectly affects the job vacancy in the hospital. The hosp[ital may appoint more technical staffs to handle those things which ultimately help to increase employment. The use of technology in the can reduce the job vacancy in the hospital. Machine will work in the place of the staffs so that situation reduces the employment in the hospital. The system will reduce the cost but increase efficiency System will increase the cost and the patient have to bear the extra cost of that system installation. References: Aronowitz, P. (2012). Hospital images. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell. Chandrappa, R., Das, D. (2012). Solid waste management. Berlin: Springer. Chaudhry, B. (2006). Systematic Review: Impact of Health Information Technology on Quality, Efficiency, and Costs of Medical Care. Annals Of Internal Medicine, 144(10), 742. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-144-10-200605160-00125 Christman, L. (2000). Restructuring: The Impact of Hospital Organization on Nursing Leadership.Nursing Administration Quarterly, 24(4), 83. doi:10.1097/00006216-200007000-00013 Cummings, G. (2006). Hospital Restructuring and Nursing Leadership. Nursing Administration Quarterly, 30(4), 321-329. doi:10.1097/00006216-200610000-00004 Cummings, G., Hayduk, L., Estabrooks, C. (2005). Mitigating the Impact of Hospital Restructuring on Nurses. Nursing Research, 54(1), 212. doi:10.1097/00006199-200501000-00002 Flood, A., Scott, W. (1987). Hospital structure and performance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Flores, G. (2005). The Impact of Medical Interpreter Services on the Quality of Health Care: A Systematic Review. Medical Care Research And Review, 62(3), 255-299. doi:10.1177/1077558705275416 Friedman, L., Savage, G., Goes, J. (2012). Annual review of health care management. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Georgopoulos, B. (1986). Organizational structure, problem solving, and effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Hinz, V. (2014). Structure-, process- and outcome-related challenges in hospital management. Keller, S., Hunter, D., Shortt, S. (2004). The Impact of Hospital Restructuring on Home Care Nursing. Nursing Leadership, 17(2), 82-89. doi:10.12927/cjnl.2004.16270 Lees, L. (2012). Timely discharge from hospital. Cumbria: M K Pub. Levinson, D., Gallagher, E. (1964). Patienthood in the mental hospital. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Myers, S. (2012). Patient safety and hospital accreditation. New York: Springer Pub. Co. Pollock, M., Richmond, M. (1965). Function and structure in micro-organisms. Cambridge: Published for the Society for General Microbiology at the University Press. Srinivasan, A. (2008). Managing a modern hospital. Los Angeles: Response Books.

Monday, December 2, 2019

Juan Domingo Pern Argentine Master Of Labor And Leader Of The Masses

Juan Domingo Per?n: Argentine Master Of Labor And Leader Of The Masses Juan Domingo Per?n, born in 1895 in Lobos, Argentina, was the President of Argentina on two occasions separated by eighteen years. He first came to power by the election of February 28,1946. He ruled for almost ten years until he was pressured to resign by the Argentine military and in September of 1955 he left the country. He spent almost the next twenty years in exile but never lost touch with the Argentine people and especially the Argentine labor movement. In 1973, after eighteen years of exile, Per?n returned to Argentina and was elected president again with his third wife Isabel as vice-president. His power as a ruler came out of the special connection that he made with the working classes and unions before and during his first term. Per?n was a military man by trade, attending the National Military Academy at age fifteen. He became a captain by 1924 and a professor of military history by 1930. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1936 and was named minister of war during t he unrest and bloodless coup of 1944. Per?n got his first experience with labor as the head of the National Labor Department. That position evolved into the head of the Secretariat of Labor and Social Welfare just over a month later in December of 1944. Right away Per?n required that all employers give employees a one month's pay bonus every year. This was the beginning of a series of policies that would make Per?n the labor union's president. His ability to come back to power after being out of the country for so long was the product of his close relationship with the labor forces and working class. There are however a few special factors that must be considered when making this claim; namely the background of the labor movement and the way in which labor continued to follow Peronist ideas even after Juan was gone from office. These labor forces developed such tremendous loyalty to Juan Per?n as a result of his special brand of politics which provided that the economic solvency of the working class was the biggest priority of the government. Organized labor in Argentina before the golpe of 1943 was in a state of constant change and motion. Beginning with the golpe de estado that overthrew president Hipolito Yrigoyen in September of 1930, the political climate of Argentina was a turmoiltuous backdrop for the labor movement. The formation of the Conferatci?n General del Trabajo [CGT] took place in the same year. The CGT was a conglomerate of the largest labor unions in the country, like railroad workers unions, construction workers unions and textile workers unions. This marked the beginning of a new type of unionization. The unions that formed between 1930 and 1943 were not only larger and more directed at labor than trades, but they were willing to cooperate with the government. They were bread-and-butter unions, now less interested in being in opposition to the state because they had gotten into industries that required more cooperation with the government like railroads for example. (Barager, 1968) The unions started t o establish some general trends in their practices in terms of labor management relations. The basic foundations for these relations were collective bargaining and trade-union social insurance, which Per?n later adapted for his own use. The social climate in Argentina was also receptive to unionization in the decades prior to Per?n's first time in office. Immigration had all but come to a halt by 1930 which meant that the greater percentage of laborers were second generation Argentines and were more nationalist in leanings. This was another factor that led to the cooperationist nature of the new unions. Unions in general were getting larger with the migration of large sectors of the Argentine population from the countryside to the urban areas as a result of a failing agrarian economy in the thirties. The global economic depression that took place in the thirties had the greatest effect on the farmers which when coupled with accelerating industrialization provided all of the necessary conditions for urbanization in Argentina. Urbanization and it's effect on the size and face of the

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Jenny Lind - Swedish Opera Singer Promoted By P.T. Barnum

Jenny Lind - Swedish Opera Singer Promoted By P.T. Barnum Jenny Lind was a European opera star who came to America in 1850 for a tour promoted by the great showman Phineas T. Barnum. When her ship arrived in New York Harbor, the city went crazy. A massive crowd of more than 30,000 New Yorkers greeted her. And what makes that especially astounding is that no one in America had ever heard her voice. Barnum, who relished being known as The Prince of Humbug, had managed to create incredible excitement based purely on Linds reputation as The Swedish Nightinagle. The American tour lasted for about 18 months, with Jenny Lind appearing in more than 90 concerts in American cities. Wherever she went, her public image of a virtuous songbird who dressed modestly and donated money to local charities gained favorable mentions in the newspapers. After about a year, Lind split from Barnums management. But the atmosphere created by Barnum in promoting a singer no one in America had even heard became legendary, and in some ways created a template for show business promotion that endures to the modern era. Early Life of Jenny Lind Jenny Lind was born October 6, 1820 to an impoverished and unmarried mother in Stockholm, Sweden. Her parents were both musicians, and young Jenny began singing at a very early age. As a child she began formal music lessons, and by the age of 21 she was singing in Paris. She returned to Stockholm and performed in a number of operas. Throughout the 1840s her fame grew in Europe. In 1847 she performed in London for Queen Victoria, and her ability to make crowds swoon became legendary. Phineas T. Barnum Heard About, But Had Not Heard, Jenny Lind The American showman Phineas T. Barnum, who operated an extremely popular museum in New York City and was known for exhibiting the diminutive superstar General Tom Thumb, heard about Jenny Lind and sent a representative to make an offer to bring her to America. Jenny Lind drove a hard bargain with Barnum, demanding that he deposit the equivalent of nearly $200,000 in a London bank as an advance payment before she would sail to America. Barnum had to borrow the money, but he arranged for her to come to New York and embark on a concert tour of the United States. Barnum, of course, was taking a considerable risk. In the days before recorded sound, people in America, including Barnum himself, had not even heard Jenny Lind sing. But Barnum knew her reputation for thrilling crowds, and set to work making Americans excited. Lind had acquired a new nickname, â€Å"The Swedish Nightingale,† and Barnum made sure that Americans heard about her. Rather than promote her as a serious musical talent, Barnum made it sound like Jenny Lind was some mystical being blessed with a heavenly voice. 1850 Arrival in New York City Jenny Lind sailed from Liverpool, England, in August 1850 aboard the steamship Atlantic. As the steamer entered New York harbor, signal flags let crowds know that Jenny Lind was arriving. Barnum approached in a small boat, boarded the steamship, and met his star for the first time. As the Atlantic approached its dock at the foot of Canal Street massive crowds began to gather. According to a book published in 1851, Jenny Lind in America, â€Å"some thirty or forty thousand people must have must have been collected together on the adjacent piers and shipping, as well as on all the roofs and in all the windows fronting the water.† The New York police had to push back the enormous crowds so Barnum and Jenny Lind could take a carriage to her hotel, the Irving House on Broadway. As night fell a parade of New York fire companies, carrying torches, escorted a group of local musicians who played serenades to Jenny Lind. Journalists estimated the crowd that night at  more than 20,000 revelers. Barnum had succeeded in drawing enormous crowds to Jenny Lind before she had even sung a single note in America. First Concert in America During her first week in New York, Jenny Lind made excursions to various concert halls with Barnum, to see which might be good enough to hold her concerts. Crowds followed their progress about the city, and anticipation for her concerts kept growing. Barnum finally announced that Jenny Lind would sing at Castle Garden. And as demand for tickets was so great, he announced that the first tickets would be sold by auction. The auction was held, and the first ticket to a Jenny Lind concert in America was sold for $225, an expensive concert ticket by today’s standards and a simply staggering amount in 1850. Most of the tickets to her first concert sold for about six dollars, but the publicity surrounding someone paying more than $200 for a ticket served its purpose. People across America read about it, and it seemed the whole country was curious to hear her. Lind’s first New York City concert was held at Castle Garden on September 11, 1850, before a crowd of about 1,500. She sang selections from operas, and finished with a new song written for her as a salute to the United States. When she had finished, the crowd roared and demanded that Barnum take the stage. The great showman came out and gave a brief speech in which he stated that Jenny Lind was going to donate a portion of the proceeds from her concerts to American charities. The crowd went wild. American Concert Tour Everywhere she went there was a Jenny Lind mania. Crowds greeted her and every concert sold out nearly immediately. She sang in Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, DC, Richmond, Virginia, and Charleston, South Carolina. Barnum even arranged for her to sail to Havana, Cuba, where she sang several concerts before sailing to New Orleans. After performing concerts in New Orleans, she sailed up the Mississippi on a riverboat. She performed in a church in the town of Natchez to a wildly appreciative rustic audience. Her tour continued to St. Louis, Nashville, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and other cities. Crowds flocked to hear her, and those who couldn’t hear get tickets marveled at her generosity, as newspapers ran reports of the charitable contributions she was making along the way. At some point Jenny Lind and Barnum parted ways. She continued performing in America, but without Barnum’s talents at promotion she was not as big a draw. With the magic seemingly gone, she returned to Europe in 1852. Jenny Lind’s Later Life Jenny Lind married a musician and conductor she had met on her American tour, and they settled in Germany. By the late 1850s they moved to England, where she was still quite popular.  She became  ill in the 1880s, and died in 1887, at the age of 67. Her obituary in the Times of London estimated that her American tour had earned her $3 million, with Barnum making several times more.

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Definition and Examples of Compound Adverbs

Definition and Examples of Compound Adverbs In English grammar, a compound adverb is a construction in which one adverb is paired with another adverb (or sometimes with another part of speech). Together these words are used to modify a verb, an adjective, another adverb, or an entire clause. Also called a compound modifiers, compound adverbs are sometimes written as one word (e.g., somewhere), sometimes as one hyphenated word (self-consciously), and sometimes as two words (inside out). Multi-word adverbs are commonly called adverbial phrases. In the Oxford Modern English Grammar (2011), Bas Aarts notes that English allows a great variety of compounds and not everyone agrees exactly on how to delimit the class of compounds. Examples I came every day to see him, neglecting my other students and therefore my livelihood.(Bernard Malamud, The German Refugee. The Saturday Evening Post, 1964)Therefore is a compound adverb that has the largest number of occurrences in the Helsinki Corpus... Along with therefore, thereupon is the only other compound adverb that emerges in Middle English but continues into [​Modern English] and up to the present day. (Aune Osterman, There Compounds in the History of English.Grammaticalization at Work, ed. by Matti Rissanen et al. Walter de Gruyter, 1997)Instead of ordering an immediate pursuit of the Confederate forces, McClellan waited overnight, and then timidly headed west to South Mountain, still believing that Lees dirty, hungry, and tired army heavily outnumbered his Union force. (Ed Okonowicz, The Big Book of Maryland Ghost Stories. Stackpole, 2010)Emerson made no distinction between honest and dishonest methods of getting the bicycle. Sometimes he would discuss plans for d eceiving the owner of the hardware store, who would somehow be maneuvered into sending it to him by mistake, and sometimes it was to be his reward for a deed of heroism.  Sometimes  he spoke of a glass-cutter. (Elizabeth Bishop, The Farmers Children.  Harpers Bazaar, 1949) Each of the career military pilots  was a graduate of his respective test pilot school, while the NASA pilots  were trained  in-house. (Milton O. Thompson,  At the Edge of Space: The X-15 Flight Program.  Smithsonian, 2013)Billy  spoke off-line, then came back on. Leslie will meet you with one at the airplane. (Tom Wilson, Final Thunder. Signet, 1996)There was a time, however, and not too many years ago, when the average plastic worm fisherman wasnt so all-fired certain that a sudden move was the best move. (Art Reid,  Fishing Southern Illinois. Southern Illinois University Press, 1986)[Paul Nitze] tried to halt the Korean War and then helped stop it from spreading. He tried, early on, to extricate the United States from Vietnam. (Nicholas Thompson, The Hawk and the Dove: Paul Nitze, George Kennan, and the History of the Cold War. Henry Holt, 2009)We went to a restaurant, and I behaved very well, but I couldnt eat, and then we went to the train and people looked at us, but I couldnt smile. (Harold Brodkey, Verona: A Young Woman Speaks. Esquire, 1978) The worst of it was it got so hot. That was a bad time for me I tell you. I got pretty thirsty. I dont know how I kept on that piece of board but I did, for three days. I got sunburnt, I tell you, pretty badly. The last day I dont remember anything. (William Carlos Williams, White Mule, 1937)I amused Emily; I almost always made her smile. (Alice Adams, Roses, Rhododendron. The New Yorker, 1976)He addressed a small statue of a saint which stood upside down on the washstand, propped in this uncomfortable position between tooth mug and soap dish. (Lyle Saxon, Fabulous New Orleans, 1939)He seemed to have a lot of luck- but why not, sometimes you did have luck, and he had felt all along that this leave was going to be wonderful. (Martha Gellhorn, Miami-New York. The Atlantic Monthly, 1948)Cato was calling out, over and over, Now the ship is sinking inch by inch! Now the ship is sinking inch by inch! (Elizabeth Bishop, The Farmers Children. Harpers Bazaar, 1949)Quite instructively, Menno K amminga has made the important point that the European system has performed quite poorly when faced with situations of egregious violations of human rights. (Obiora Chinedu Okafor, The African Human Rights System, Activist Forces and International Institutions. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Formal Compounds Several compound adverbs that can be classed in (iii) [i.e., temporal ordering subsequent to a given time reference] are found only in certain formal varieties of contemporary English: henceforth, henceforward, hereupon, thenceforward, thereafter, thereupon, whereupon. (Randolph Quirk et al., A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, 2nd ed. Longman, 1985) A Minor Category [C]ompound adverbs are not very numerous in Present-day English. Some of them are morphologically opaque historical relics, such as the negative operator NOT, which goes back to the Old English noun phrase NAWHIT. It is questionable whether compounding with WHERE, THERE and HERE is still productive today. Many compound adverbs have become polyfunctional as a result of secondary grammaticalization. Many have also reduced their functional load in the course of time, including the conjuncts HOWEVER and THEREFORE... (Matti Rissanen, Introduction. Grammaticalization at Work, ed. by Matti Rissanen, Merja Kytà ¶, and Kirsi Heikkonen. Walter de Gruyter, 1997)

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Personeal Development Planning (PDP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Personeal Development Planning (PDP) - Essay Example Moreover I have also observed how they analyse a candidate during the interpersonal process and at the same time make them feel comfortable. Although the feedback that I received from my peers was largely positive, my supervisors have clearly pointed out certain inherent drawbacks that I have. However, through extensive reading I have learnt a lot about effective interviewing and I have also applied the knowledge so gathered during mock-interviews that I had arranged with the cooperation of my colleagues. During the process I have realised that my technical acumen has to be honed and currently I am working on this area. On a whole the feedback from my peers has been good and they have encouraged my efforts. I have come to a decision that I will continue to read more in order to analyse the behavioral aspects of the interviewing process so that I can get rid of the personal biases that my supervisors have pointed out in me. I am hopeful that the successful manifestation of my short-te rm as well as long-term objectives will help me perform even better as an interviewer. 3. Mail from the peers – (2.3) – They appreciated my ability of active participation, multitasking & managing mails from co-workers – (2.4) – Congratulated me after the team won the lawn tennis match. One needs to have good time management skill in order to be successful in life. Hence I decided to improve my time management skill as far as possible. I feel all my efforts assisted me to overcome the habit of mealtime management. Now I can plan my schedule as per the priority order which I feel has helped me to implement my plan effectively. My on-job trainings taught me how to finish ones work in a more organised manner. With time I realised that time management is a combination of both art and science. One need to be logical while segregating the time into different activities. From my early college days my study pressure made me forego cultural programs of any kind;

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Market Segmentation for the Coffee Market Research Paper

Market Segmentation for the Coffee Market - Research Paper Example The following diagram shows the income distribution (media per capita income in 2009) of Baton Rouge, Louisiana area. (Source: â€Å"Baton Rouge..†) As per the media per capita income distribution in Baton Rouge in 2009, the Whites have high inflow of income as compared to other groups. The chart indicates that the Hispanic is ranked just below Whites in case of media per capita income distribution. The 2010 census reflects that the Baton Rouge’s population comprises of 50.02% African American, 45.7% Whites, 2.62% Asian, 0.18% Native American, and 0.49% other races (Louisiana’s report†¦). The historical trend figures point that the percentage of Whites in the city’s population gradually increases over the last two decades. The White’s population growth together with improvements in living standards offers potential advantages for the coffee market. This type of market segmentation assists the coffee industry to easily identify the purchase powe r of consumers and to design cost-effective promotional tactics for different market segments. A number of surveys have indicated that as compared to blacks, whites like coffee more. Hence, the Whites may turn out to be the potential market segment for the company. However, majority of the African Americans and Asians are also regular users of coffee. Targeting strategy While developing a targeting strategy for the coffee market, it is necessary to analyze the coffee consumption culture of the population. (Source: â€Å"2008 National Cofee Drinking†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) The given figure indicates the graphical representation of the outcomes of the â€Å"2008 National Coffee Drinking Trends Study†. This study focused on the coffee consumption trends in different age groups and published a comprehensive report detailing coffee trends over the last eight years. From the above chart, it is clear that the percent of coffee drinking in the United States is directly proportional to the ag e of the population. The graph clearly illustrates that people over the age 60 are more likely to drink a lot of coffee as compared to other age groups. Likewise, youngsters between the age of 18 and 24 are less likely to drink coffee as they are heavily attracted to modern beverages. It is advisable for the company to target people over the age 30, because the trends study shows that youngsters very rarely take coffee. However, a growing coffee consumption trends is seen among the age group 25-39; therefore, it is also advisable for the company to give more focus on this group of consumers as potential prospects. Target segment descriptions As we discussed earlier, a major proportion of the Baton Rouge’s population represents Whites and African Americans even though the city is an agglomeration of different cultures. The demographical information show that the city’s 35.8% of the total households are married couples whereas 40.8% are non-families (â€Å"Private hard money†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). The 2010 census data reveal that the Baton Rouge’s average household size is 2.42 while its average family size is 3.12. The percent of people living under the age groups of below 18 is; 18-24; 25-44; 45-64 and 65 and above is 24.4%, 17.5%, 27.2%, 19.4%, and 11.4% respectively (BatonRouge). The population trend indicates that there are only 90.5 males for every 100

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Ecological Footprint of Clay Brick Essay Example for Free

Ecological Footprint of Clay Brick Essay An ecological footprint highlights human impact on the environment through specific, measurable terms usually relating to a type of material that can be diagramed from manufacturing to use. To understand the impact of a single material, such as clay brick, there must be a cataloguing of the process of excavation, manufacturing, and transportation. In the architectural realm, clay bricks are often used for convenience, but the actual process of creating and transporting clay bricks obviously consumes energy and produces waste affecting the health of the environment and the distribution of resources. Despite the fact forming clay bricks is less harmful than other building materials, such as glass and chemically formed plastics, clay bricks do take a toll on the environment. By examining the life cycle of a clay brick it is possible to make observations that can potentially alter the process of excavation, manufacturing, and transportation, which allows for a cleaner, more efficient means of production. The Life Cycle Analysis or LCA of clay brick categorizes the various environmental impacts, including climate range, stratospheric ozone depletion, human toxicity, eco-toxicity, photo-oxidant formation, acidification and nitrification. It is now a common practice to make the LCA of specific materials accessible on the job site as a reference to monitor how an ecologically-friendly process compares to the more traditional practices of the past. By providing a benchmark, it is easier to track the life cycle and easier implement small changes that will lead to a significant difference in the final ecological footprint of a clay brick. Energy and material use can be categorized in the life cycle of brick in two ways. There is the primary use of materials and energy, such as the clay and stone that physically make up the brick. Then there is secondary energy that is required in the machinery that is used to excavate or to form the brick. Energy for these processes has traditionally been provided through fossil fuels, as a non-renewable resource, some companies have replaced using fossil fuel with more environmentally friendly choices such as, biogas and liquefied rendering fat. From these two types of energy use and consumption comes material and energy waste and emission. To begin, clay and stone, the main material of brick, is excavated from a quarry. Here energy is consumed by the machinery used to retract the rock. Despite the plasticity of clay compared to many other types of excavation, bracing and support may still be needed for the extraction. With the bracing and support more energy and more resources are consumed. Also, with the clay and rock now gone, there is possible destruction of a habitat along with a new likelihood of erosion due to the large hole created by the excavation. This can lead to long term, if not permanent dangers to the habitat and its creatures. The future use of the site for any other building and excavation can also be determined by the extent of excavation. The process continues with delivery to the manufacturer. Energy is consumed through fuel consumption, emissions from the delivery vehicle, and heat radiation of its engine. The manufacturing process can now begin with clay processing, continuing on with the brick formation, brick drying and finally firing the brick. Initially, the clay is crushed, ground and screened to reduce it to a fine consistency. Then, depending on the type of clay being used, water is added or taken out. The stiff mud process, the process most common currently, places clay with 12 percent to 15 percent water into a vacuum to remove any pockets of air. The new bricks are then cut and placed in a kiln to dry for one or two days. During the cutting and drying processes, the cut away parts of the clay are lost, thrown away as waste, the material is no longer used in the clay making process. They then continue on to the firing process in which the bricks are places in an oven as hot as 2400 degrees for 40 to 150 hours. Throughout this part of the steps, co2 is emitted from the burning fuel . Also as a part of the firing there are fuel emissions and energy waste as a result of machinery use that leads to co2 being released into the air and other heat pollution that can affect the ozone. Those same wastes continue with the packaging of the product and the transportation of the bricks to construction sites. Eventually the bricks make it to their destination where they are used. Combined with mortar, the bricks are used to build walls, or in walkways, etc. , and the actually construction of such structures only adds to the extent of clays bricks ecological footprint. Technically, pure clay bricks are completely recyclable. Unfortunately due to the building process the bricks come into contact with common building materials that ultimately compromise the of clay bricks. However, in some cases the bricks are eventually taken down, either to be replaced by new bricks that have followed the same process or just to demolition the structure they inhabit. In this deconstruction step, there is cleaning and crushing that requires labor and that also releases atmospheric emissions. With the crushing process completed, the brick pieces can be reused by taking them back to the initial manufacturer to be reformed into brick. By doing this the bricks formed from the reused pieces are more efficiently produced and in turn the ecological footprint is lessened because the excavation process is skipped entirely. Clay Bricks are usually referred to as a sustainable product. The only real energy consuming aspect of them comes when the raw materials are quarried or the bricks are fired. When just making the bricks, the energy consumption ranges from 1840-2800 kj/kg. However, recently that number is much higher because it is becoming increasingly common for the bricks to be fired in a â€Å"tunnel kiln in which fire remains stationary and bricks are moved on kiln cars through a tunnel divided preheat, firing and cooling zones. † With this added energy use, 800-1250 kj/kg is added to the total energy consumption of bricks. As seen in the last step of a clay bricks LCA, there are ways to decrease the energy usage of clay brick production and use. Other than simply reusing materials, another way to make for more efficient production is to combine the areas of production to a unified space so less energy is consumed by transportation and travel. By housing the excavation area, the manufacturing area, and the packaging area into one facility could save transportation costs and energy consumption and waste Also, buyers and contractors can do more accurate calculation to ensure that they are ordering the correct amount, not more than needed as that would lead to more waste and energy loss. Another method to decrease bricks environmentally impact could lie in the ability to ensure the bricks integrity and recyclability. Many of these ideas are being adapted into construction processes as the LCA of materials make it easier for people to understand the waste that is the consequence of production and use of materials such as clay brick. This proves that awareness is a significant factor in changing human ecological footprints. Essentially clay, as a raw material, is pure. The environmental impact of clay bricks begins with emissions when clay has been fired, not when clay is in its raw state. It is possible to reduce the emissions caused by the various stages by compacting the out going sources into one factory and ultimately condensing the energy consumed and waste produced. Also, to help maintain the sustainability of clay bricks it is possible to recycle the product in its final state rather than generate new bricks for the same purpose. The clay brick itself is not a source of waste, rather, the energy required to create a new brick, therefore it is important to recycle clay bricks. By closely examining the ecological footprint it is possible to observe what steps in the process can be altered or improved to stop overusing materials and harming the earth. In essence, by condensing sources and recycling it is possible to continue maximum productivity while eliminating the ability to create a larger ecological footprint by using clay bricks. Bibliography http://www. scribd. com/doc/8746950/Clay-Brick-LCA http://www. staywithclay. com/downloads/SustainableBuildingConference-Italy. pdf http://linkinghub. elsevier. com/retrieve/pii/S0360132306000795 http://www. ibstock. com/pdfs/technical-support/TIS16Howbricksaremade. pdf Fundamentals of Building Construction, 4th Edition, Allen and Iano

Thursday, November 14, 2019

The Physics Behind Parking :: physics science cars vehicles

Background: After a long day of cruising through town with your buddy, the two of you have grown quite an appetite. You spot a McDonalds at the top of a very steep hill. Unfornately a local biker gang must of had the same idea. Encredibly, the only available parking spot is on the street, uphill of nearly 15 Harleys. There are no other restaurants for 100 miles in all directions. Famished, your friend skillfully manuvers his car to the side of the road. The breaks shudder as the car comes to a stop on the hill. He holds the brake, puts it into first, and shuts off the car. Problem: Biker's don't take kindly to people messing with their bikes. Your friend is about to let off of the brake. Being the physics major you are, you have to decide whether it's safe to park or safer to go hungry. Your friends car is pretty old, and the e-brake hasn't worked for years. The car will be held in place solely by the moter. There are two mean looking bikers smoking outside entrance. They are watching you so there probably wouldn't be time to make a run for it. Known What You Know: Your buddy's car is classic, and I'm sure he would want to make more than an educated guess. I've done a little investigating to help you out a bit. I took a torque wrench to the motor, and resists it resists aproximately 46 ft*lbs of torque at the crankshaft. After the compression bleeds down this number is reduced to 38 ft*lbs. The cars rear differential has a 3.73 to 1 gear ratio and a manual transmission with a 3.35 to 1 ratio in first gear. The tires are 28 inches in diameter and the gross weight of the car is approximately 2100 lbs. The hill is often travelled by truckers, and on the way up you noticed a sign that said the hill was at a 26 degree angle with the horizontal. Summary: When the car is at rest this means it is in a system of static equilibrium. Gravity is pushing forward on the car, and the tires are pushing back on the car via the reaction force of friction in the motor. The steeper the hill, the greater the force of gravity acting on the car, the greater the reaction force in the motor must have. As stated before, the maximum torque that can be applied to the motor before it rotates is 38 ft*lbs.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Prevention Plan for Divorce Before Marriage

Phuong Ho Prof. Janice Falbert CDFS 321 Section 9 Personal Relationships Wellness Philosophy Paper (PRW) Fall 2012 Marriage is one of the most essential factors of human life. It creates the basis for everyone to pursue a better, healthier, and happier life. However, it is the fact that there are more and more couples marrying and then ending up with divorce, and this rate is increasing faster year by year. Actually, all the divorce cases are originated from some of the forms of emotional illness that gradually appear in each partner during the time of their relationship.It is good to cure these forms of emotional illness to solve the martial problems of the specific patients. However; it is absolutely the best when the original points are studied and determined before they become the serious and fatal clues to damage marriage. What I am talking about here is the prevention efforts to be applied to the time period before couples marry, not after. I also present my Prevention Plan con taining the ideas, of preventing any chances that can cause divorce, for pre-marital couples.This is the ultimate result of the combination of my total knowledge about marriage and the practical philosophy of Primary Prevention material. It is true that relationship before marriage plays an important role in coupled life ahead; it also builds the foundation for the good, healthy, and happy marriage. However, it is completely wrong saying that dating works effectively to screen out future divorces, particularly those that occur early in marriage.Actually, dating does not have anything to do with the separation of married couples. The point here is that dating and marriage are different. Of course dating is important to lead to marriage. However, dating is a step to get two people closer and to see if they are for each other, and marriage is a commitment with full of incidents and probabilities. Loving someone, committing to him/her, and living together for the rest of your life are t otally different. This illustrates well for the divorces happening early in marriage.Many troublesome things happen when marriage life starts out. Things change dramatically, and the couples have to work through themselves or asking for professional help or divorces is the consequence. Another reason to say that dating is nothing to do with future divorces is that dating not working out leads to break-up right after that. People do not wait until they get into marriage, and then regret for what happen and say goodbye to each other. It does not work this way.Really, problems can appear during the dating; couples tend to learn how to overcome it (just like married ones); however, if they cannot find the same solution for this problem, break-up is easy to be brought up right away. Separation in dating is a lot simpler and easier than marriage. No such couples resist each other’s problems until they get married. As what I said previously, my Prevention Plan, which I will introduc e to you, is built upon my martial knowledge and the information from Primary Prevention material. So what is Primary Prevention?It is actually a distinct level from the three-tier model, which is pretty much similar to the main Prevention model, containing Primary Prevention, Secondary Prevention, and Tertiary Prevention. Secondary Prevention (treatment activities) is about trying to decrease the length of time an individual or family experiences an emotionally distressful situation; Tertiary Prevention (rehabilitation activities) is about preventing the recurrence of a debilitating problem and to restore as high as possible the level of individual and family reorganization.Like the other two, Primary Prevention, considered as a hybrid form originated from Prevention, has its own characteristics and techniques, which are about aiming to reduce the incidence of new cases of mental disorder in the population by fighting against harmful forces which operate in the community and by str engthening the capacity of people to resist stress. So, unlike the purpose of Secondary Prevention shortening the time the patients resist and purpose of Tertiary Prevention avoiding the repetition of the illness, the Primary Prevention is more straightened method of anti-emotional-distress.It focuses directly on the fight against the mental illness created during the process by helping patients develop the abilities to avoid stress. Primary Prevention focuses mainly on groups of patients but for the specific problems that those groups obtain. To get a wider and deeper view of these concepts, let get back to the original Prevention. The fact is that the perception of Prevention is not new at all. The ideas that mental distress might be prevented and eliminated happened a long time ago, back to the ancient time.However, the fully attainable concept of Prevention as a Public Health treatment was recently developed when the number of serious mentally ill patients as well as divorces go es higher and faster. Prevention provides strategies that not only help all the patients take part in avoid illness and promoting health, but also enlighten the misunderstanding and wrong claims and opinions about emotional distress. Really, there were any people bringing on the ideas saying that major illness is surely in large part genetically determined and is absolutely not preventable, at most modifiable.Prevention proves that these ideas are wrong and that mental problems are not such diseases that can be hinted to any microorganism or DNA thread. They are actually troubles derived from the very normal routine life of each individual. Sometimes they can be cause from the factors of that patient’s life like family, friends, colleagues†¦; sometimes they are from the patient himself/herself. Therefore, because those problems are not genetic and instinctive, it is easy to result that they can be controlled, prevented, and eliminated. 4] So, how does Prevention do its j obs as a helpful treatment of promoting mental health and avoiding illness? The answer is in its technology given by four specific tools as Education, Community Organization, Competency Promotion, and Natural Caregiving. Each of them has different perspective, way of approaching, and practical application but they all have the same purpose of preventing mentally illness and promoting health. [3] My Plan of prevention of Divorce is a combination of martial and relationship tips, academic and proved material, and practically social information.The points are simple rules and tips to some people in their lives, but these people are failed to recognize or even ignore and underestimate them. This leads to number of serious consequences to their marriage lives, even divorces. As I mentioned, all my attention will be the Prevention applied to the time period before couples married. Firstly, the optimal step for the all couples before they commit to each other in order to have a good and st able marriage is to question themselves and each other â€Å"Am I sure? Are you sure? [6] That means a premarital couple have to make sure the other is the only one and their ultimate finish of love. Both of them have to make it clear that the other one think the same and is literally willing to commit to this life ahead. [5] There are some couples rushing to marriage by their contemporary passion and feeling without thinking reasonably. Certainly, this kind of marriage later will obtain many obstacles and problems and suffer from the multiple consequences including divorce if they do not ask for any help. Marriage is an important thing ever happening to a person.Make sure that is the right one and be ready to spend the rest time of your life with him/her. [1] The second point of the Prevention Plan is â€Å"Professional help is not supplementary, at all. † Some couples think they are fine with everything; all they need to do is go ahead and be ready for a wedding without th inking twice about this as a big incident that will change their lives forever. Premarital counseling is extremely important that helps couples have a clearer and more complete view of what is going happen and how things change dramatically after they become husbands and wives.Besides, this is also a chance for the couples to make up their mind again and see if the other one is really the one. This may create disappointments for some couples when they think they already know everything about their relationship (but they do not). However, this is one of the most effective ways to prevent the probability of divorces happen right before the marriage happens. [2] Another thing that affects most to the stability of marriage life of any couple is â€Å"Defining expectations can help build a good plan. † Any victorious battle has its own strategy.What are the expectations? They are intentions, standards, rules that are summed up by both sides of couple and will be applied for their future family. The same with this situation, a happy future house is not only built with love, but also with wisdom and knowledge. The expectations can be only found, treasured, and carried by communication, and the best way to communicate is, of course, talking. [6] Beside building, reinforcing, and enriching the love, respect, understanding to each other, the couples should take time having some serious talking, discussing about their future family.Many things this talking can come with are such as finance, children, sex, housework, religion, jobs†¦ Having a clearer and practical view of these factors can help couples avoid many unexpected issues popping up in their future life together. It will be a lot easier and simpler to avoid, deal with and fix these problems when the insiders already know the concepts of original issues. [2] Many people think it is wasting of time and unnecessary to spend their time for their future marriages while they have not even get married yet.Ac tually, this period of time is the bridge between the dating and marriage. Maybe dating does not work effectively to screen out future divorces, particularly those that occur early in marriage; however, preventing is much better than fixing. This period of time is the most magnificent transition step for couple to reinforce their points of view, concepts, and knowledge about the marital lives waiting for them ahead. Therefore, I can surely say that my Prevention Plan will work effectively in any society, including a nation with a high rate of divorces like U.S. As you can see above, this plan with three general tips is simple and trivial point in premarital relationship; however, missing, ignoring or even misusing them can lead to serious problems. Not only the citizens are educated about marriage promoting and divorce preventing, but also the influence of mental health service in U. S. will get more appreciations, attentions, and profits from the public. These profits can help impr ove the U. S’s medical health development in many ways also.The open behaviors that I encourage couples to do are completely suitably helpful for Americans especially young people to develop themselves a confidence in dealing with different situations that life brings to them. Number of stably happy families maintains and improves; divorce decreases; society is higher in standards; the country is stronger. The best way to get the Prevention Plan maximized its power is to publicize and popularize them as a guide for premarital, engaged, or long-termed couples.The therapists, professionals, or mentalists of Marital Mental Healthcare need to know about and encourage the couples to apply it. The plan should be also introduced to people by media like Science newspapers, Family or Health magazines, the online articles†¦ In order to get more results, the government also should legalize the law that each premarital couple have to take mandatory Marriage and Family course in orde r to have better perspectives of what they are going to face in the near future and to give them a chance to rethink if what they are doing is right or wrong.This will raise a flow of opposing ideas from media and public about imposing and frustrating premarital couples. This Prevention working means the rate of marriage of U. S. will decrease in some way also due to the cut way of couples who realize they are not ready for marriage. The birth rate is also stable due to the couples already talked about children issues before marriage. There are absolutely less poor or foster-care children due to the number of broken families reduce. The children’s future life quality is more clearly defined in a positive way. [1]Divorce rate decrease can lead to many social advantages and benefits to both people and government. My plan simply gives a little help to the couples that will be the future husbands or wives. Hopefully with its help, our nation will develop in a stable tempo. Though my plan plays as a tool to prevent Divorce for couples before marriage, it is the most important when the couples themselves are willing to do what the plan says. References 1. â€Å"How do you know that you married the right person? † Available: http://www. marriagemax. com/prevent-divorce. asp 2. Prevent Divorce before you get married. † June 22, 2009. Available: http://www. crosswalk. com/family/marriage/prevent-divorce-before-you-get-married-11605052. html 3. â€Å"Wellness – Primary Prevention. † Material. 4. Primary Prevention and its technology. † Material. 5. Marriage and the family: Diversity and Strengths (7th Edition). Olson-DeFrain – Skogrand. Chapter 9: Friendship, Intimacy, Friendship. Material. 6. â€Å"Preventing Divorce Before you Say ‘I Do’. † January 30, 2007. Available: http://voices. yahoo. com/preventing-divorce-say-do-177817. html

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Religion-Effect of Dispossession on Aboriginals

Religion Discuss the connection between the dreaming and the land rights movement. Aboriginal spirituality is determined by the dreaming. The dreaming is a complex concept of fundamental importance to Aboriginal culture, embracing the creative era long past of the ancestral beings as well as the present and the future. The Dreaming's importance to the aboriginal people is emphasised through it providing for the obligations and responsibility of the aboriginal people, and furthermore accounting for their past, present, and future.The dispossession of land of the aboriginal people has led to various problems, including psychological and social issues experienced by communities and individuals, who in the past, have been forcibly removed from their land, their ‘home'. The Land Rights Movement is a movement targeted at recognising the issue of dispossession and progressing towards a. Thus Land Rights Movement, a movement based on the claims by the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islan der peoples to repossession and compensation for white use of their lands and sacred sites, became the resolution.The motivation of this movement was ultimately base upon Aboriginal peoples reliance on a sense of spirituality connected to the land. As the movement strengthened, so too did the awareness of the effect of the dispossession, leading to an increase in the movement itself, and also enforcing the Aboriginal people’s sense of spirituality. Essentially, it becomes evident that the importance of the Dreaming was ultimately the reason for, and motivation behind the Land Rights movement. Thus it is needless to say that the Dreaming is fundamental to the Lands Rights Movement.Analyse the importance of the Dreaming for the land rights movement Land rights are of critical importance in relation to Aboriginal spirituality, because the Dreaming is inextricably connected with the land. Therefore the dispossession of Aboriginal native land is also the dispossession of Aborigina l spirituality. The link between the Dreaming, land and afterlife holds significance spiritual importance to the Aboriginal peoples as the land is the resting place for all aboriginal beings. Furthermore each Aboriginal community is connected with the land through their spiritual totems.Specific areas of Aboriginal communities’ have important spiritual meaning for those particular groups of aboriginal people-these are known as sacred sites. What’s caratagoried in ever aboriginal sacred site is the connection to the Dreaming and aboriginal mythology. There are special responsibilities attached to sacred sites such as important ceremonies like weddings and it could be a place of death for an aboriginal elder. The identity of an Aboriginal person is inextricably linked to the land and hence the land is like a mother for the people.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

buy custom Achilles in Homer Iliad essay

buy custom Achilles in Homer Iliad essay Death is a natural phenomenon and something that virtually no man can escape. Death has been described to have several interpretations such as life after this world, permanent rest, judgment time and etc. However, there is no vivid information of what happens after death, since there are virtually no accounts of people who died and came back to life. We all seem to pay less attention to thinking about what happens with the person after death. Still, much thinking was focused on the kind of death the person suffered and the circumstances surrounding his death. From this indication, I would say that Achilles is a personality, who does not deserve my sympathy in the story, The Homer Iliad. As a person, there were several instances, Achilles proofed that death is not an entity to be feared as it was inevitable and bound to happen to everyone. Achilles than was focused on this principle to kill as many people as possible and infringe pain to families. Achilles used to kill so many people that Xanthus, the river god, had to cry for space, because the water had been filled with an abundance of the dead. But Achilles would fight on. Ironically, when Achilles was at the verge of being killed, he prayed to Zeus to save him. Indeed, that was a moment for Achilles to have a fair taste of what he had been putting all those people through. With saying that he who pulls a machete dies from a machete, Achilles did not deserve any sympathy for his evil deeds. Though Achilles escaped death at the hands of the roaring waters, he certainly managed to taste some pain when he lost any compensation for his effort. Buy custom Achilles in Homer Iliad essay

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

DNA Definition and Structure

DNA Definition and Structure DNA is the acronym for deoxyribonucleic acid, usually 2-deoxy-5-ribonucleic acid. DNA is a molecular code used within cells to form proteins. DNA is considered a genetic blueprint for an organism because every cell in the body that contains DNA has these instructions, which enable the organism to grow, repair itself, and reproduce. DNA Structure A single DNA molecule is shaped as a double helix made up of two strands of nucleotides that are bonded together. Each nucleotide consists of a nitrogen base, a sugar (ribose), and a phosphate group. The same 4 nitrogen bases are used as the genetic code for every strand of DNA, no matter which organism it comes from. The bases and their symbols are  adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). The bases on each strand of DNA are complementary to each other. Adenine always binds to thymine; guanine always binds to cytosine. These bases meet each other at the core of the DNA helix. The backbone of each strand is made of the deoxyribose and phosphate group of each nucleotide. The number 5 carbon of the ribose is covalently bonded to the phosphate group of the nucleotide. The phosphate group of one nucleotide binds to the number 3 carbon of the ribose of the next nucleotide. Hydrogen bonds stabilize the helix shape. The order of the nitrogenous bases has meaning, coding for amino acids that are joined together to make proteins. DNA is used as a template to make RNA through a process called transcription. The RNA uses molecular machinery called ribosomes, which use the code to make the amino acids and join them to make polypeptides and proteins. The process of making proteins from the RNA template is called translation. Discovery of DNA The  German biochemist Frederich Miescher first observed DNA in 1869, but he did not understand the function of the molecule. In 1953,  James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin described the structure of DNA and proposed how the molecule could code for heredity. While  Watson, Crick, and Wilkins received the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material, Franklins contribution was neglected by the Nobel Prize committee. Importance of Knowing the Genetic Code In the modern era, its possible to sequence the entire genetic code for an organism. One consequence is that differences in DNA between healthy and sick individuals can help identify a genetic basis for some diseases. Genetic testing can help identify whether a person is at risk for these diseases, while gene therapy can correct certain problems in the genetic code. Comparing the genetic code of different species helps us understand the role of genes and allows us to trace the evolution and relationships between species

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Globalization and it's effects on Hawaii Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globalization and it's effects on Hawaii - Essay Example Being an island nation, Hawaii has always attracted tourists from among all regions of the world and it has remained their main source of revenue. Globalization has also facilitated transnational â€Å"capital flow, transportation, tourism† and other kinds of alliances amongst nations, which played a major role in boosting Hawaii’s economy (15). Thus, the phenomenon of globalization, on the one hand, has accelerated economic and technological developments in Hawaii, but, on the other hand, it has had devastating effects on its environment and ecological balance as well as reduces the employment opportunities of local population. The capitalist philosophy that the elimination of national boundaries and the â€Å"rational operation of the free market† nourish prosperity does reflect on the economic growth of the island nation (Sheppard 308). In early days, agriculture has been one of the main resources of Hawaii but â€Å"sugar transformed† the nation initially as an industry based economy (Firth 183). Subsequently, falling in tandem with the trends of globalization, the Hawaiian outlook further changed from an agricultural society to a service based community primarily gaining strength from the exponential growth in tourism and allied industries. This transition, characterized by the emergence of â€Å"new market forces† coupled with the â€Å"new technologies of transport† has further accelerated the economic development of Hawaii (179). Similarly, â€Å"economic globalization† can have several positive outcomes for countries, in terms of enhanced quality of life, as can be evidenced from the progress that Hawaii has made in various aspects (Globalization and Environmental Sustainability 259). In addition, the liberalized policies of immigration, and the ease with which it can be processed as a consequence of globalization,

Friday, November 1, 2019

Commnuincation skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Commnuincation skills - Essay Example Passive listening is one directional communication whereby the receiver does not give feedback or make inquiries and probably may or may not comprehend the message of the sender. Passive listening is known to lead to mistakes that are costly, employees being unhappy and customer dissatisfaction. Some passive listening examples include listening to radio and television. Passive listening is one of the most common forms of listening in today’s world. While active listening is a two directional communication where both sides are contributing, as well as engaging in conversation. Furthermore, in order to become a better active listener, studying and training are necessary (Shwom and Snyder 36). Therefore, it is safe to utter that the listening skill that would enhance better communication would be active listening. In order to develop better active listening skills as well as bring success within a workplace of which every employer seeks, they are three main categories that need e mphasis, namely; accurate hearing, comprehension and interpretation, and lastly response. For example, distractions from the environment like noise from vehicles or ongoing construction sites can be considered a hindrance to accurate hearing while for comprehension and interpretation, which would include the language factor. An example to this would be if someone speaks in a different language, like say Spanish it is impossible to comprehend and interpret what has been said if the person does not know Spanish. In order to combat this, one needs to be multi-lingual, and this is where employers’ of multinational companies invest in, as well. In addition to being a more effective listener in comprehension and interpretation, the in cooperation of non-verbal communication and verification of personal understanding through queries and paraphrasing is necessary. Some examples of non-verbal communication would include voice of tone, facial expression, body language, as

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Explain an Evaluate the Principal Features of Adam Smith's Treatment Essay

Explain an Evaluate the Principal Features of Adam Smith's Treatment of Value and Distribution - Essay Example He agreed with government expenditure on public goods, such as, enforcement of the law, infrastructure and security. He also acknowledged what he thought to be drawbacks in development of economy, whether they were in the form of public spending or taxation except only the taxation of value of the land. He also put into consideration the relation between price and value. His conclusion was that that the cost of production is equivalent to the price of the product. He reasoned that when the quantity supplied to the market is enough to meet demand in the market and no extra, then the selling price may be said to be either near or exactly to the natural price, which is the cost of production1. He took this result as an outcome of market bargaining. Adam Smith argued that in a stable economic system and evaluation; many people would react to the enticement of earning extra specializing in their production. These people without intervention of the government they would be of significant v alue in industry and this will make the economy to be more productive and wealthy2. Adam based his argument on that by protecting specific producers will result to inefficient production and hence there will a rise in price. He asserts that when people are trading they value what they are going to buy in comparison to purchased goods’ value. ... The prices will be used to estimate and compare the value of the commodities. Adam Smith allowed for the difference of speed and skill a person has in doing a certain job. He argued that value based on demand is totally subjective. This is because some individuals will pay more amounts on a certain commodity while others will pay less on the same commodity. Smith’s analysis on value should be is considered under circumstances as one of his main purpose. He would make sure that workers were safe from being exploited by their self-interested employers who their main concern was to maximize profits, and hence paying his employees low wages. Given this situation, Adam said, the quality of output will be uniform to the labour they have used. He tried to uplift society significantly, by putting emphasis on free enterprise. He recommended that in a free market each individual is directed in making decisions by an imperceptible hand. This unseen hand guides people to formulate decisio ns that are of importance to the people and society at large without its knowledge. Every person labours so that he or she may provide revenue to the society. The person might not be intending to promote the interest of the public neither does he or she know by how much he has promoted it. The invisible hand is the one which makes the person to promote some part which was not of his objective. By chasing his personal interest he regularly improves that of the society more effectually and efficiently than when he had the intention to support it. In the theory of Adam Smith of how the economy is interrelated he shows how industries and labours function, and the way each one plays a crucial part in the production of goods in the industry3. The

Sunday, October 27, 2019

The Respective Theories Of Motivation Psychology Essay

The Respective Theories Of Motivation Psychology Essay The term motivation derived from the Latin word movere, meaning to move. Motivation represents those psychological processes that cause the arousal, direction, and persistence of voluntary actions that are goal oriented (Mitchell, 1982). Motivation as defined by Robbins (1993) is the willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organizational goals, conditioned by the efforts ability to satisfy some individual need. A need in this context is an internal state that makes certain outcomes appears attractive. An unsatisfied need creates tension that stimulates drives within the individual. These drives then generate a search behavior to find particular goals that, if attained, will satisfy the need and lead to the reduction of tension (Robbins, 1993). Luthans (1998) sees it as the process that arouses, energizes, directs, and sustains behavior and performance, while Pinder (1998) defines work motivation as the set of internal and external forces that initiate work-related behavior, and determine its form, direction, intensity and duration. According to Nelson and Quick (2003), motivation is the process of arousing and sustaining goal-directed behavior. The most practical definition proposed by social scientist that, motivation is a psychological processes thatorigin the stimulation, direction, and persistence of behaviour (Luthans, 2005). 2.3 Employees Motivation Theories There are many theories of motivation. The researcher identified the most relevant theories and explained the respective theories of motivation and how motivation gives an valuable impact on job satisfaction. 2.3.1 Maslows Need Hierarchy Theory Maslows Hierarchy of needs is one of the motivation theories that used all over the world. Maslow theory is a basic to start examining the different motivation theories. The first idea of Maslow is people always tend to want something and what they want depends on what they already have. According to Mullins (2007) states that Maslow proposed that there are five different levels of needs people have to seek for satisfaction of their basic needs. The first level of this theory is Physiological Needs. These needs include the most basic of all human needs like water, shelter, food, warmth, rest and clothing. When people dont feel hunger, thirst or cold, their needs go to a next level. The second lowest level is Safety Needs. Need to feel secure and protected in his/her family as well as in a society of day-to-day life is a part in this level. Next, the third level is Belonging and Love Need. After feeling secure, people need for love, affection, sense of belongingness in ones relationship with other persons. The fourth level is Esteem Needs. It is the need to be unique with self-respect and to enjoy esteem from other individuals. People want to evaluate themselves highly and based on their achievement receive appreciation from other people. Lack of these needs may cause inferiority, helplessness and weakness. Highest level of Maslows hierarchy of needs is Self-Actualization. The development of this need is based on the satisfac tion at the other four lower levels. It refers to the need of self-fulfillment and to the tendency to become actualized in what a person is potential. The core of this theory lies in the fact that when one need is fulfilled, its strength diminishes and the strength of the next level increases (Latham, 2007). Figure 2.3.1 Maslows Hierarchy of Needs maslows-hierarchy-of-needs1 2.3.2 Equity Theory Equity theory recognizes that individuals are concerned not only with the absolute amount of rewards they receive for their efforts, but also with the relationship of this amount to what others receive. Based on ones inputs, such as effort, experience, education, and competence, one can compare outcomes such as salary levels, increases, recognition and other factors. When people perceive an imbalance in their outcome-input ratio relative to others, tension is created. This tension provides the basis for motivation, as people strive for what they perceive as equity and fairness (Robbins, 1993). One of the prominent theories with respect to equity theory was developed through the work of J.S. Adams. Adams theory is perhaps the most rigorously developed statement of how individuals evaluate social exchange relationships (Steers, 1983). The major components of exchange relationships in this theory are inputs and outcomes. In a situation where a person exchanges her or his services for pa y, inputs may include previous work experience, education, effort on the job, and training. Outcomes are those factors that result from the exchange. The most important outcome is likely to be pay with outcomes such as supervisory treatment, job assignments, fringe benefits, and status symbols taken into consideration also. Equity theory rests upon three main assumptions (Carrell, 1978). First, the theory holds that people develop beliefs about what constitutes a fair and equitable return for their contributions to their jobs. Second, the theory assumes that people tend to compare what they perceive to be the exchange they have with their employers. The other assumption is that when people believe that their own treatment is not equitable, relative to the exchange they perceive others to be making, they will be motivated to take actions they deem appropriate. This concept of equity is most often interpreted in work organizations as a positive association between an employees effort or performance on the job and the pay she or he receives. Adams (1965) suggested that individual expectations about equity or fair correlation between inputs and outputs are learned during the process of socialization and through the comparison with inputs and outcomes of others. Pinder (1984) stated that feelings of inequita ble treatment tend to occur when people believe they are not receiving fair returns for their efforts and other contributions. The challenge therefore for organizations is to develop reward systems that are perceived to be fair and equitable and distributing the reward in accordance with employee beliefs about their own value to the organization. The consequences of employees perceiving they are not being treated fairly create a variety of options for the employees (Champagne, 1989). These options include the employees reducing their input through directly restricting their work output, attempting to increase their output by seeking salary increases or seeking a more enjoyable assignment. Other possibilities are to decrease the outcomes of a comparison other until the ratio of that persons outcomes to inputs is relatively equal or increasing the others inputs. In addition to the above mentioned, the employee could simply withdraw from the situation entirely, that is, quit the job and seek employment elsewhere. 2.3.3 Expectancy theory The concept of expectancy was originally formulated by Vroom and it stands for the probability that action or effort will lead to an outcome. The concept of expectancy was defined in more detail by Vroom as follows: Where an individual chooses between alternatives which involve uncertain outcomes, it seems clear that his behavior is affected not only by his preferences among these outcomes but also by the degree to which he believes these outcomes to be possible. Expectancy is defined as momentary belief concerning the likelihood that a particular act will be followed by a particular outcome. Expectancies may be described in terms of their strength. Maximal strength is indicated by subjective certainty that the act will be followed byoutcome, while minimal strength is indicated by the subjective certainty that the actwill not be followed by the outcome (Vroom, 1964). Fundamental to all the popular theories of motivation is the notion that employees are motivated to perform better when offered something they want, something they believe will be satisfying. However, offering the employees something they believe will be satisfying is necessary, but not enough. They must believe that it is possible to achieve what they want. Employees are not motivated to perform better when managers focus on the offering and ignore the believing. Employees confidence that they will get what they want involves three separate and distinct beliefs. The first belief is that they can perform well enough to get what is offered. The second is thatthey will get it if they perform well. The third belief is that what is offered will be satisfying. Each of these three beliefs deals with what employees think will happen if they put effort to perform. The first belief deals with the relationship between effort and performance, the second with the relationship between performance and outcomes, and the third with the relationship between outcomes and satisfaction. All these beliefs are interrelated because an employee effort leads to some level of performance, the performance leads to outcomes, and the outcomes lead to some amount of satisfaction or dissatisfaction. In conclusion, the expectancy theory of motivation requires the fulfillment of the following conditions: employees are motivated to perform only when they believe that effort will lead to performance, performance will lead to outcomes, and the outcomes will lead to satisfaction (Green, 1992). Effort-to-performance expectancy is the starting point in the implementation of the expectancy theory. It is a persons perception of the probability that effort will lead to successful performance. If we believe our effort will lead to higher performance, this expectancy is very strong, then we are certain that the outcome will occur. If we believe our performance will be the same no matter how much effort we make, our expectancy is very low, meaning that there is no probability that the outcome will occur. A person who thinks there is a moderate relationship between effort and subsequent performance has an adequate expectancy, and thus put maximum effort in the performance. The next stage in the expectancy theory is performance-to-outcome expectancy, which is a persons perception of the probability that performance will lead to certain other outcomes. If a person thinks a high performer is certain to get a pay raise, this expectancy is high. On the other hand, a person who believes raises are entirely independent of the performance has a low expectancy. Thus, if a person thinks performance has some bearing on the prospects for a pay raise, his or herexpectancy is adequate. In a work setting, several performance-to-outcome expectancies are relevant because several outcomes might logically result from performance. Each outcome, then, has its own expectancy. The final stage in the expectancy linkage is named outcomes and valences. An outcome is anything that might potentially result from performance. High level performance conceivably might produce such outcomes as a pay raise, a promotion, recognition from the boss, fatigue, stress, or less time to rest, among others. The valence of an outcome is the relative attractiveness or unattractiveness of that outcome to the person. Pay raises, promotion, and recognition might all have positive valences, whereas fatigue, stress, and less time to rest might all have negative valences. The stress of outcome valences varies from person to person. Work-related stress may be a significant negative factor for one person but only a slight annoyance for someone desperately in need of money, a slight positive valence for someone interested mostly in getting promotion or, for someone in an unfavorable tax position, even a negative valence. The basic expectancy framework suggests that three conditions must be met before motivated behavior occurs (Griffin, 2007). Behavioral scientists generally agree that the expectancy theory of motivation represents the most comprehensive, valid and useful approach to understanding motivation. However, it does not end with only understanding, it is also important to be able to motivate people to perform. In this regard, the Expectancy theory generally has been considered quite difficult to apply. This is no longer true, as there are many application models that have been developed over the years and which are quite simple and straightforward (Green, 1992). 2.3.4 Herzberg Motivation/Hygiene theory Herzbergs motivation/hygiene theory is also known as the two-factor theory. Herzberg started the study job satisfaction in the 1950s in Pittsburg. The basis of Herzbergs work is in the Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. He started with the idea that what causes the job satisfaction are the opposite of those things that cause job dissatisfaction. However, after studying thousands of books he couldnt draw any guidelines. He conducted a survey where he asked participants to identify those things that made them feel positive with their job and those that made them feel negative. As a result Herzberg found out that what makes people happy is what they do or the way theyre utilized and what makes people unhappy is the way theyre treated. Things that make people satisfied at work are different from those that cause dissatisfaction so those two feelings cant be opposite. Based on these findings, Herzberg created his theory of motivators and hygiene factors. Both factors can motivate workers but they work for different reasons. Hygiene factors tend to cause only short-term satisfaction to the workers while motivators most probably cause longer-term job satisfaction. Motivatorsor satisfiers are those factors that cause feelings of satisfaction at work. These factors motivate by changing the nature of the work. They challenge a person to develop their talents and fulfill their potential. For example adding responsibility to work and providing learning opportunities to a person to work at a higher level can lead to a positive performance growth in every task a person is expected to do if the possible poor results are related to boredom of the task they are supposed to accomplish. Motivators are those that come from intrinsic feelings. In addition to responsibility and learning opportunities also recognition, achievement, advancement and growth are motivation factors.These factors dont dissatisfy if they are not present but by giving value to these, satisfaction level of the employees is most probably going to grow (Bogardus, 2007). When hygiene factors are maintained, dissatisfaction can be avoided. When opposite, dissatisfaction is most probably to occur and motivation cant take place. 2.4 Employees Job Satisfaction Many definitions of the concept of job satisfaction have been formulated over time. According to Locke (1969), job satisfaction is a state of emotional gladness, results from the achievement of the goals that one get through performing his part of contribution inside an organization. Employee job satisfaction is influenced by the internal organization environment, which includes organizational climate, leadership types and personnel relationships (Taber and Seashore, 1975). Locke and Lathan (1990) give a comprehensive definition of job satisfaction as pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of ones job or job experience. Job satisfaction is a result of employees perception of how well their job provides those things that are viewed as important. Work satisfaction results from the perception that ones job fulfills, or allows the fulfillment of ones important job values. Phrased differently, work is gratifying if it complements ones personal desires and needs. Definition by McCormick and Ilgen (1980) looks similar. They also regarded job satisfaction as a persons attitude towards his or her job, and added that an attitude is an emotional response to the job, which may vary along a continuum from positive to negative. In addition, Megginson, Mosley and Pietri (1982) stated that people experience job satisfaction when they feel good about their jobs, and that this feeling often relates to their doing their jobs well, or their becoming more proficient in their professions, or their being recognized for good performance. According to Wiener (1982) states that job satisfaction is an attitude towards work-related conditions, facets, or aspects of the job. Arnold and Feldman (1986) described job satisfaction as the amount of overall affect that individuals have toward their job. High job satisfaction therefore means that an individual likes his or her work in general, appreciates it and feels positive about in. According to Mitchell and Lasan (1987), it is generally recognized in the organizational behaviour field that job satisfaction is the most important and frequently studied attitude. Job satisfaction is so important in that its absence often leads to lethargy and reduced organizational commitment (Moser, 1997). Lack of job satisfaction is a predictor of quitting a job (Alexander, Litchtenstein and Hellmann, 1997; Jamal, 1997). Sometimes workers may quit from public to the private sector and vice versa. At the othertimes the movement is from one profession to another that is considered a greener pasture. Job satisfaction has been defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ an attitude that individual has about their job, it results from their perception of their job and the degree to which there is good fit between the individual and the organization (Ivancevich et al., 1997). Job satisfaction is an important motivator to employees performance. While Luthan (1998) posited that there are three important dimensions to job satisfaction: Job satisfaction is an emotional response to a job situation. It can only be inferred. Job satisfaction is often determined by how well outcome meet or exceed expectations. For instance, if organization participants feel that they are working much harder than others in the department but are receiving fewer rewards they will probably have a negative attitudes towards the work, the boss and or coworkers. On the other hand, if they feel they are being treated very well and are being paid equitably, they are likely to have positive attitudes towards the job. Job satisfaction represents several related attitudes which are most important characteristics of a job about which people have effective response. These to Luthans are: the work itself, pay, promotion opportunities, supervision and coworkers. Schneider and Snyder (1975) regard job satisfaction as a personal evaluation of conditions present in the job, or outcomes that arise as a result of having a job. It appears then that job satisfaction encapsulates a persons perception and evaluation of his job, and that this perception is influenced by the persons unique disposition. People will therefore evaluate their jobs against those aspects that are important to them (Sempane et al., 2002). Since job satisfaction involves employees emotions and feelings, it has a major impact on their personal, social and work lives (Sempane et al., 2002) and for this reason may also influence their behaviour as employees, e.g. absenteeism (Locke, 1976; Visser, Breed and Van Breda, 1997). According to Feinstein (2000) states thatjob satisfaction is more of a response to a specific job or various aspects of the job. Job satisfaction is an important element from organizational perspective, as it leads to higher organizational commitment of employees and high commitment leads to overall organizational success and development (Feinstein, 2000) additionally growth, effectiveness and efficiency of the organization and low employees intentions to leave the organization (Mosadeghard, 2008). Obstinately, dissatisfied individuals leave the organization and inflate the motivation of those staying there (Feinstein, 2000) and as a result workers loose performance and efficiency and might sabotage the work and leave the job (Sonmezer andEryaman, 2008). According to Ramayah, Jantan and Tadisina (2001), job satisfaction explains how employees are buoyant to come to work and how they get enforced to perform their jobs. Other researchers narrate job satisfaction as being the outcome of the workers appraisal of extent to which the work environment fulfillment the individuals needs (Dawis and Lofquist 1984). Various researchers have contributed their research findings from organizational set ups, in order to increase employee job satisfaction and have given various suggestions to boost up the satisfaction. Feinstein (2000) says in order to increase individuals satisfaction level employees should be given advancement opportunities. Similarly changes in organizational variables, such as pay scales, employee input in policy development, and work environment could then be made in an effort to increase organizational commitment and overall outcome. Elton Mayo found that interaction within the group is the biggest satisfier. Safety, relation to work and success are followed by intergroup relations (Bektas, 2003). Mosadeghard (2000) gave job satisfaction dimensions like nature of the job, management and supervision, task requirement, co-workers, job security, and recognition and promotion had more effect on employees organizational commitment in organizational set up. According to Oshagbemi (2003), job satisfaction is an important attribute which organizations desire of their employees. The job satisfaction by employees can contribute to the success of an organization because employees can give full commitment and motivation to perform their job. Pensions and profit-sharing plans are positively associated with job satisfaction (Bender and Heywood, 2006). According to Stephen (2005), one would be wrong to consider one single measure of job satisfaction and there may be number of reasons that need to be considered. He further found that actual work was the biggest satisfier and working conditions were the least satisfier; job security was also big determinant of job satisfaction. (Penn et al., 1988) found that opportunity for professional development is the biggest determinant to differentiate satisfied and non-satisfied employees. An employee will be satisfied if he has reached the ideals in his profession; he will develop positive feelings towards his profession (Sirin, 2009). Absence of work life balance, lack advancement opportunities, work environment, lack of encouragement, and lack of recognition may lead to stress, which ultimately causes dissatisfaction, burnout and finally increased turnover rate within organization (Ahmadi andAlireza, 2007). Job satisfaction is inversely related to burnout, intentions to leave the organization (Penn et al., 1988). According to OLeary, Wharton and Quinlan (2009), job satisfaction is also generally conceived as an attitudinal variable that reflects the degree to which people like their jobs, and positively related to employee health and performance. Toper (2008) stated that, If a person believes that the values are realized within the job, this person possesses a positive attitude towards the job and acquire job satisfaction. In the other words, employees will be motivates to perform their job with good attitudes, so that employees will be automatically satisfied with the job. Topper (2008) proposed that Maslows need theory has connection with job satisfaction. An employee will be satisfied with his/her job when he or she achieves the levels of needs, e.g. physiological, security, social, self-esteem and self-actualization. Mosadeghard (2008) gave job satisfaction dimensions like nature of the job, management and supervision, task requirement, co-workers, job security, and recognition and promotion as having more effect on employees organizational commitment in organizational set up. OLeary, Wharthon and Quinlan (2008), job satisfaction is also generally conceived as an attitudinal variable that reflects the degree to which people like their jobs, and positively related to employee health and job performance. With referring to the concept of Herzbergs motivation theories and supported by other researchers, it shows that motivational factors (achievement, advancement, work itself, recognition and growth) are key foundation that influences and has significant impact on employees job satisfaction.Thus, it is proposed that; There is a significant relationship between achievement and job satisfaction. There is a significant relationship between advancement and job satisfaction. There is a significant relationship between work itself and job satisfaction. There is a significant relationship between recognition and job satisfaction. There is a significant relationship between growth and job satisfaction. 2.5 Research Model This study has integrated different views and thought from past research to study the concept of motivation and factors affecting on employee job satisfaction. Thus, this study focuses on Herzbergs motivation theories. The motivational factors in this theory are achievement, advancement, work itself, recognition and growththat give an impact on employee job satisfaction. Based on that, the research model developed for this study can be seen in Figure 2.5.1. Figure 2.5.1: Research Model of the study Achievement Advancement Job Satisfaction Work Itself Recognition Growth Independent Variable Dependent Variable 2.6 Summary This chapter reviewed literatures on the independent variables of the present study, which are motivational factors (achievement, advancement, work itself, recognition and growth). Meanwhile, our dependent variable that is job satisfaction was discussed. Research methodology of the present study will be discussed in the following chapter.